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We all know that DNA has the ability to identify individuals but, because it is inherited,

there are also regions of the DNA strand which can relate an individual to his or her family (immediate and extended), tribal group and even an entire population. Molecular Genealogy (宗谱学) can use this unique identification provided by the genetic markers to link people together into family trees. Pedigrees (家谱) based on such genetic markers can mean a break-through for family trees where information is incomplete or missing due to adoption, illegitimacy or lack of records. There are many communities and populations which have lost precious records due to tragic events such as the fire in the Irish courts during Civil War in 1921 or American slaves for whom many records were never kept in the first place.

The main objective of the Molecular Genealogy Research Group is to build a database containing over 100,000 DNA samples from individuals all over the world. These individuals will have provided a pedigree chart of at least four generations and a small blood sample. Once the database has enough samples to represent the world genetic make-up, it will eventually help in solving many issues regarding genealogies that could not be done by relying only on traditional written records. Theoretically, any individual will someday be able to trace his or her family origins through this database.

In the meantime, as the database is being created, molecular genealogy can already verify possible or suspected relationships between individuals. "For example, if two men sharing the same last name believe that they are related, but no written record proves this relationship, we can verify this possibility by collecting a sample of DNA from both and looking for common markers (in this case we can look primarily at the Y chromosome (染色体)," explains George Green, a member of the BYU Molecular Genealogy research team.

People in a large area may possess the same DNA thread because______.

A．DNA is characteristic of a region

B．they are beyond doubt of common ancestry

C．DNA strand has the ability to identify individuals

D．their unique identification can be provided via DNA

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Potlucks for Staff and Volunteers

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Giving Cards to Volunteers

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Hats Off to Volunteers

Our library volunteers received various baskets of goodies, boxes of chocolates, flowers and plants, etc. The staff wore hats all week and tipped them toward the volunteers as we saw them. The volunteers here seemed to appreciate the silent effort to recognize them. (Posted on 20 December, 2018 by Aimee Hepler)

Afternoon at the Movies

During National Volunteer Week we recognized our volunteers by taking them to the movies. (3) We had our recognition awards program before the movie started, followed by a 15-minute coffee break. The volunteers had a bag of popcorn and a drink waiting for them. They also had their choice of 2 movies. It was very well received and we will do it again next year. (Posted on 23 December, 2018 by Linda Bacon)

Pat on the Back

Here’s a very inexpensive idea that should work for any type of organization. I simply draw around my hand on a piece of paper, print “Here’s a pat on the back for You, Mr. / Ms. for all the hard work and effort you’ve made here”, then copy it onto colored paper. The teens at our community help me cut them out. (Posted on 20 December, 2018 by Wu Qing)

(1)、What is the main idea of this passage？

A、Different ways to show thanks to volunteers.

B、We should to be volunteers.

C、Volunteers are important for us.

(2)、Why is it in December that we tend to think of a way to thank volunteers？

A、Because it is by the end of a year.

B、Because it is the beginning of the year.

C、Because it is important in a year.

(3)、Why does Nazia hold potlucks at the office and invite volunteers？

A、To fulfill her wish to be a volunteer

B、To show thanks to them and make them feel like part of the team.

C、To organise an activity to show the importance of the volunteers.

(4)、What is the purpose for Traci to send out thank-you cards to the volunteers？

A、She wants to tell the people how important the volunteers are.

B、She wants to show her ability to make cards

C、She wants to make the volunteers know people are grateful to them for what they’ve done in the busy year.

(5)、Why does Linda want to do her award program again next year？

A、Because it is fresh and interesting.

B、Because she likes.

C、Because it seems to be well received.

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第10题
I know when the snow melts and the first robins （知更鸟) come to call, when the laughter o

I know when the snow melts and the first robins (知更鸟) come to call, when the laughter of children returns to the parks and playgrounds, something wonderful is about to happen.

Spring cleaning.

I'll admit spring cleaning is a difficult notion for modern families to grasp. Today's busy families hardly have time to load the dishwasher, much less clean the doormat. Asking the family to spend the weekend collecting winter dog piles from the melting snow in the backyard is like announcing there will be no more Wi-Fi. It interrupts the natural order.

"Honey, what' say we spend the weekend beating the rugs, sorting through the boxes in the basement and painting our bedroom a nice lemony yellow？" I say.

"Can we at least wait until the NBA matches are over？" my husband answers.

But I tell my family, spring cleaning can 't wait. The temperatures has risen just enough to melt snow but not enough for Little League practice to start. Some flowers are peeking out of the thawing ground, but there is no lawn to seed, nor garden to tend. Newly wakened from our. winter's hibernation (冬眠), yet still needing extra blankets at night, we open our windows to the first fresh air floating on the breeze and all of the natural world demanding "Awake and be clean!".

Biologists offer a theory about this primal impulse to clean out every drawer and closet in the house at spring's first light, which has to do with melatonin, the sleepytime hormone (激素) our bodies produce when it's dark. When spring's light comes, the melatonin diminishes, and suddenly we are awakened to the dusty, virus-filled house we've been hibernating in for four months.

I tell my family about the science and psychology of a good healthy cleaning at spring's arrival. I speak to them about life's greatest rewards waiting in the removal of soap scum from the bathtub, which hasn't been properly cleaned since the first snowfall.

"I'll do it," says the eldest child, a 21-year-old college student who lives at home.

"You will？ Wow!" I exclaim.

Maybe after all these years, he's finally grasped the concept. Maybe he's expressing his rightful position as eldest child and role model. Or maybe he's going to Florida for a break in a couple of weeks and he's being nice to me who is the financial-aid officer.

No matter. Seeing my adult son willingly cleaning that dirty bathtub gives me hope for the future of his 12-year-old brother who, instead of working, is found to be sleeping in the seat of the window he is supposed to be cleaning.

"Awake and be clean!" I say.

According to the passage, ". . . spring cleaning is a difficult notion for modern families to grasp" means that spring cleaning______.

A．is no longer an easy practice to understand

B．is no longer part of modern family life

C．requires more family members to be involved

D．calls for more complicated skills and knowledge

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第11题
Psychological research has focused on a number of basic principles that help memory：m
eaningfulness, organization, association, and visualization.It is useful to know how there principles work.

Meaningfulness affects memory at all levels.Information that does not make any sense to you is difficult to remember.There are several ways in which we can make material more meaningful.Many people, for instance, learn a rhyme to help them remember.Do you know the rhyme "Thirty days has September, April, June, and November..."？ It helps many people remember which months of the year have 30 day s.

Organization also makes a difference in our ability to remember.How useful would a library be if the books were kept in random order？ Material that is organized is better remembered than jumbled information.One example of organization is chunking.C hunking consists of grouping separate bits of information.For example, the number 4671363 is more easily remembered if it is chunked as 467, 13, 63.Categorizing is another means of organization.Suppose you are asked to remember the following list of wor ds: man, bench, dog, desk, woman, horse, child, cat, chair.Many people will group the words into similar categories and remember them as follows: man, woman, child; cat, dog, horse; bench, chair, desk.Needless to say, the second list can be remembered mo re easily than the first one.

Association refers to taking the material we want to remember and relating it to something we remember accurately.In memorizing a number, you might try to associate it with familiar numbers or events.For example, the heigh t of Mount Fuji in Japan -12,389 feet -might be remembered using the following associations: 12 is the number of months in the year, and 389 is the number of days in a year (365) added to the number of months twice (24).

The last principle is visualizati on.Research has shown striking improvements in many types of memory tasks when people are asked to visualize the items to be remembered.In one study, subjects in one group were asked to learn some words using imagery, while the second group used repetiti on to learn the words.Those using imagery remembered 80 to 90 percent of the words, compared with 30 to 40 percent of the words for those who memorized by repetition.Thus forming an integrated image with all the information placed in a single mental pict ure can help us to preserve a memory.

1.What kind of information is easy for us to remember？()

A.Information that does not make any sense to us

B.Information that we are not familiar with

C.Information that is meaningful to us

D.Information that we are not interested in

2.Which of the following pairs are rhymes？()

A.horse—house

B.right---white

C.come----home

D.how---low

3.The second list of words in para.3 is organized according to().

A.the rhyme

B.the word category

C.th e first letters of words

D.the meanings

4.Books are kept in a library().

A.according to their size

B.in random order

C.in a jumbled way

D.in different categories

5.What method can better help form. a whole mental picture about the ti ngs to be remembered？()

A.Grouping

B.Repetition

C.Imagery

D.Association

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