题目内容
（请给出正确答案）
[单选题]
（)lung cancer, smoking can cause loss of weight and impair vision.
A.Except
B.Beside
C.In addition to
D.For
查看答案
如果结果不匹配，请 联系老师 获取答案
题目内容
（请给出正确答案）
如果结果不匹配，请 联系老师 获取答案
题目内容
（请给出正确答案）
A.Except
B.Beside
C.In addition to
D.For
如果结果不匹配，请 联系老师 获取答案
更多“()lung cancer, smoking can cau…”相关的问题
A.corrosion
B.wear
C.construction
D.lung
A.passed off
B.passed away
C.passed by
D.passed over
A.如果广告投入增长一倍，预测销售量的增长
B.如果商品价格涨价一倍，预测销售量P′(sales)的变化
C.如果放弃吸烟，预测癌症P′(cancer)的概率
D.购买了A商品的顾客是否会购买B商品
Cultural competence is especially important in end-of-life care because culturalbeliefs, values and experiences shape each patients definition of a"good death.”
Cultural beliefs surrounding pain and death affect patients’ attitudes and preferences in end-of-life care. In some cultures, openly discussing death is inappropriate. Forexample, Cheng et al. conducted a survey of East Asian palliative care physicians. Seventypercent of participants from Taiwan reported that patents’ Family members were reluctantto discuss end of life. Fifty-six percent identified the cultural belief ”bad things happen after you say them out loud” as a reason family members avoid end-of-lifediscussion. Consequently, families may avoid discussing death to avoid bad luck or tempting fate.
Certain cultural groups may request that healthcare providers withhold disclosure of a terminal diagnosis to protect the patient. In some Asian cultures, these requests stemfrom a desire to preserve hope or to prevent emotional suffering in the dying patient.Healthcare providers must consider such beliefs before approaching patients with news of a poor prognosis.
These beliefs can be a significant barrier to the initiation of pain management at the end of life. Researchers have found that oncologists often cite family reluctance todiscuss end-of-life issues with patients as a major barrier to initiating pain managementin dying patients. Providers may misinterpret a reluctance to discuss impending death asa refusal of pain treatment.
Similarly, cultural beliefs about the origin, role, and meaning of pain can affect how a patient perceives pain. Many beliefs regarding pain stem from religion and spirituality.For example, some religious groups believe pain is a part of God's plan, a penance forsins or a test of faith. In contrast, other cultures ascribe positive meanings to pain. Forexample, some patients may believe in the mantra "No pain, no gain. "These patientsmay view pain as a sign of progress toward recovery. Chinese patients may believepain results from an imbalance between yin and yang, which has its roots in TaoismBuddhism and Confucianism.
Similarly cultural beliefs affect how patients express pain. Many cultures havenegative attitudes toward expressing pain outwardly. For example, Black American,Hispanic American, Asian American, and American Indian patents may be reluctant tocomplain of pain due to strong cultural beliefs in stoicism. As a result, these patients mayprefer to keep a neutral face and avoid grimacing, crying or moaning, even if their pain issevere Stoic pain behavior. can lead to inaccurate pain assessments if nurses interpret the lack of observable cues such as facial expression, body posture, crying or moaning as theabsence of pain.
In addition. cultural beliefs may affect self-report of Pain. A study of cancer painexperience found that Asian Americans reported significantly lower pain scores thanBlack Americans, Hispanic Americans and non-hispanic White Americans. Interestingly,there were no differences in severity of symptoms associated with cancer pain, such aslack of energy, shortness of breath or difficulty in sleeping. Asian Americans may believe that they should endure pain bravely to serve as a role model for others or to improve their standing in life after death.In this cultural groups, decreased pain expression may lead providers to assume the absence of pain,causing under or non-treatment of symptoms.
46、What bring healthcare providers including nurses in the US increasing challenges？
A.Different definitions of a“ good death”
B.Diverse cultures from different ethnic groups
C.End-of-life pain care and management.
D.Patients with similar cultural values
47、According to the survey, why were some family members in Taiwan reluctant to discuss end of life？
A.They wanted to avoid bad luck or tempting fate
B.They were too sad to have end-of-life discussion
C.They believed the disease could be cured completely.
D.They trusted the palliative care physicians
48、What does the word "prognosis"(in the 3rd sentence of the 4th paragraph)probably mean？
A.Signs or symptoms of a disease
B.Identifying the cause of some disease
C.A prediction of the course of a disease
D.Doctor's order and prescription
49、Which of the following statements is not true？
A.Taoism, Buddhism and Confucianism influence Chinese patients' view of pain
B.Different cultural beliefs are no huge barriers to end-of-life pain management
C.In some Asian cultures, openly discussing death is not welcomed
D.People with dissimilar cultural beliefs understand pain in different ways
50、How do some religious groups perceive pain？
A.Pain tests a person's faith in God
B.Pain is a penance for sins
C.All of the above
D.Pain is a part of god's plan
Historical precedent suggests that science and politics can overcome resistance from businesses thatpollute and poison but it takes time，and success often starts small. So it is heartening to note that aprogramme in Leeds has achieved a reduction in childhood obesity，becoming the first UK city to reverse afattening trend. The best results were among younger children and in more deprived areas. When 28% ofEnglish children aged two to 15 are obese，a national shift on the scale achieved by Leeds would lengthenhundreds of thousands of lives.A significant factor in the Leeds experience appears to be a scheme calledHENRY，which helps parents reward behaviours that prevent obesity in children.
Many members of parliament are uncomfortable even with their own government's anti-obesitystrategy，since it involves a “sugar tax”and a ban on the sale of energy drinks to under-16s.Bans and taxescan be blunt instruments，but their harshest critics can rarely suggest better methods.These critics justoppose regulation itself.
The relationship between poor health and inequality is too pronounced for governments to be passiveabout large-scale intervention.People living in the most deprived areas are four times more pronc to diefrom avoidable causes than counterparts in more affluent places.As the structural nature of public healthproblcms becomes harder to ignore，the complaint about overprotective government loses potency.
In fact，the polarised debate over public health interventions should have been abandoned long ago.Government action works when individuals are motivated to respond. Individuals need governments thatexpand access to good choices. The HENRY programme was delivered in part through children's centres.Closing such centres and cutting council budgets doesn't magically increase reserves of individual self-reliance. The function of a well-designed state intervention is not to deprive people of liberty but to buildsocial capacity and infrastructure that helps people take responsibility for their wellbeing. The obesitycrisis will not have a solution devised by left or right ideology—but experience indicates that the private sector needs the incentive of regulation before it starts taking public health emergencies seriously.
46. Why is the obesity problem in Britain so difficult to solve？
A) Government health budgcts are depleted.
B)People disagree as to who should do what.
C) Individuals are not ready to take their responsibilities.
D) Industry lobbying makes it hard to get healthy foods.
47. What can we learn from the past experience in tackling public health emergencies？
A)Governments have a role to play.
B) Public health is a scientific issue.
C) Priority should be given to deprived regions.
D) Businesses’responsibility should be stressed.
48. What does the author imply about some critics of bans and taxes concerning unhealthy drinks？
A) They are not aware of the consequcnces of obesity.
B)They have not come up with anything more constructive.
C)They are uncomfortable with parliament's anti-obesity debate.
D) They have their own motives in opposing government regulation.
49. Why does the author stress the relationship between poor health and inequality？
A) To demonstrate the dilemma of people living in deprived areas.
B)To bring to light the root cause of widespread obesity in Britain.
C)To highlight the area deserving the most attention from the public.
D) To justify government intervention in solving the obesity problem.
50. When will government action be effective？
A)When the polarised debate is abandoned.
B)When ideological differences are resolved.
C) When individuals have the incentive to act accordingly.
D) When the private sector realises the severity of the crisis.
